pronoun

Pronouns are the stunt doubles of the English language. They keep communication going with or without the nouns. Pronouns come in to keep nouns from getting repetitive or when nouns are not clearly known. They do more work than you think, so read on to learn about them.

Subject and object pronouns are used in everyday language. However, it can be tricky to remember which is which. The subject always takes action. The object is part of the activity, but it does not do any acting. Here is an example:

Shelby likes talking to Marvin.

Shelby is the subject; she is liking and talking. Marvin is the object; all the liking and talking is done to Marvin but not by Marvin.

Subject and object pronouns function in the same way.

Subject pronouns include I, you, he, she, it, they, we.
Object pronouns include me, you, him, her, it, us, them. See the following examples:

Subject
I might see you later.
You have to come now.
She lives in Nebraska.
He makes me angry
It just might work.
They caught the last train.
We cant see the end.

Object
Sarah hit me on the arm.
I need to tell you something.
Larry took him aside.
The message wasnt for her.
Take it to the store.
Summer is fun for us.
Margaret took them downstairs.

Possessive pronouns show who owns something described in a sentence. They include mine, his, hers, its, ours, yours, their, and theirs. Possessive adjectives are similar to possessive pronouns. However, the possessive adjective comes before the object of the sentence; the possessive pronoun is the object of the sentence. See the difference here:

That is my dog. (possessive adjective, before the object dog)
The dog is mine. (possessive pronoun, which is the object)

Intensive pronouns and reflexive pronouns look the same. However, they act differently in a sentence. Intensive pronouns put an emphasis on other pronouns or nouns. Reflexive pronouns rename the subject in a sentence. Look at the following examples:

Intensive pronoun  She herself will go to the bank. (herself emphasizes the pronoun she)
Reflexive pronoun  She cut herself on the arm. (herself renames the pronoun she)

Intensive and reflexive pronouns include:
myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, and themselves.

Demonstrative pronouns refer to things in relation to distance.
This and these refer to things that are close by. That and those refer to things farther away.

This is your shirt.
That is my house on the corner.
These good friends are sitting next to me.
Those roads in the next town are bumpy.

Indefinite pronouns replace nouns that are not specified. They include the following: all, another, any, anybody, anyone, anything, both, each, either, everybody, everyone, everything, few, many, neither, nobody, none, no one, nothing, one, several, some, somebody, someone, and something. Read the example sentences for a better understanding.

We gave everything to the homeless shelter
All were sad to see the children go.
Give a present to each as they come in.

Interrogative pronouns are used to ask a question. They include who, whom, what, which, whose, whoever, whomever, whatever, and whichever. Consider the example sentences below:

Which of these do you like best?
Who was just in this room?
Whatever happens next, I am prepared.

Relative pronouns connect (relate) noun or pronoun clauses with other parts of a sentence. They include who, whom, what, which, whose, whoever, whomever, whatever, whichever, and that. See how these are used in the sentences below.

The paper that she just wrote is due tomorrow.
Learning is easier for people who have a good teacher.
Whoever leaves the room needs to turn off the light.

Pronouns do a lot in the English language, don't they? They are the no-name workhorses, jumping in for the superstar nouns when they get exhausted. Hey, someone's got to do something about the work nobody wants to do!

gerund

Definition:
A traditional grammatical term for a verbal that ends in -ing and functions as a noun. Adjective: gerundial.

A gerund with its objects, complements, and modifiers is called a gerund phrase or simply a noun phrase.

Examples and Observations:

"Feeling gratitude and not expressing it is like wrapping a present and not giving it."
(William A. Ward)


"Shooting paintballs is not an art form."
(Bart Simpson, The Simpsons)


"Humor is laughing at what you haven't got when you ought to have it."
(Langston Hughes)


"Because they are nounlike, we can think of gerunds as names. But rather than naming persons, places, things, events, and the like, as nouns generally do, gerunds, because they are verbs in form, name activities or behaviors or states of mind or states of being."
(Martha Kolln and Robert Funk, Understanding English Grammar. Allyn & Bacon, 1998)


"All talk of winning the people by appealing to their intelligence, of conquering them by impeccable syllogism, is so much moonshine."
(H. L. Mencken)


"Eighty percent of success is showing up."
(Woody Allen)


Gerunds and Verbal Nouns
"A gerund is derived from a verb by adding the suffix -ing. The result is still a verb, and it exhibits ordinary verbal properties, such as taking objects and adverbs. Example: In football, deliberately tripping an opponent is a foul. Here the verb trip occurs in its gerund form tripping, but this tripping is still a verb: it takes the adverb deliberately and the object an opponent. However, the entire phrase deliberately tripping an opponent, because of the gerund within it, now functions as a noun phrase, in this case as the subject of the sentence. So, a gerund is still a verb, but the phrase built around it is nominal, not verbal.

"Very different is a verbal noun constructed with -ing. Though derived from a verb, a verbal noun is strictly a noun, and it exhibits nominal properties . . .."
(R.L. Trask, Mind the Gaffe! Harper, 2006)


Gerunds and Present Participles
"Present participles and gerunds look similar as words, and they also look similar as phrases. Again, it is the -ing verbal form that causes this problem. To clearly distinguish these, we need to consider their grammatical functions. A present participle functions as a non-finite form of a verb phrase, after verbs of motion and position; it can be an adverb complement after these verbs; it can qualify/modify as an adjective does. In contrast, gerunds like nouns have naming roles and can occupy the place of nouns in many of their grammatical functions. Unlike nouns, they do not name persons, places, things, or events; they name actions, states, and behaviors."

active and passive sentences

Some examples of active and passive sentences:

ACTIVE: They speak English.
PASSIVE: English is spoken.

ACTIVE: They spoke English.
PASSIVE: English was spoken.

ACTIVE: They will speak English.
PASSIVE: English will be spoken.

ACTIVE: They are going to speak English.
PASSIVE: English is going to be spoken.

ACTIVE: They are speaking English.
PASSIVE: English is being spoken.

ACTIVE: They were speaking English.
PASSIVE: English was being spoken.

ACTIVE: They have spoken English.
PASSIVE: English has been spoken.

ACTIVE: They had spoken English.
PASSIVE: English had been spoken.

ACTIVE: They will have spoken English.
PASSIVE: English will have been spoken.

5. Perfect progressive verb forms are generally used in active voice only. That is, these are good English sentences:

ACTIVE: They have been speaking English.
ACTIVE: They had been speaking English.
ACTIVE: They will have been speaking English.

But sentences like these are rarely used:

PASSIVE: English has been being spoken.
PASSIVE: English had been being spoken.
PASSIVE: English will have been being spoken.

INI CERITA HIDUPKU

Dalam hidup banyak kejadian-kejadian yang sangat terkesan atau paling diingat mulai dari kebahagian, kesedihan, kemarahan, kebencian, kebosanan dan masih banyak lagi. Dalam hidupku sendiri hal yang tidak bisa aku lupakan hanya ada 2 kejadian yang sangat penting, entah itu menyedihkan atau menyenangkan. kejadian pertama yang membuat aku terharu di saat kakak ku yang bernama UNTUNG SUGIARTO wisuda S1, karna pada saat kakak wisuda saat itu ada bapak dan mamaku yang sangat bangga melihat kakakku lulus kuliah dan aku melihat pancaran mata mereka sangat bahagia dan bangga. kejadian yang kedua yang membuat aku sedih,terpuruk dan hancur, saat bapakku pergih meninggalakan aku, mamaku, dan kakakku untuk selamanya. Hari itu tepat pada tanggal 18 maret 2011 malam aku,kakakku dan temanku membawa beliau kerumah sakit. saat itu beliau langsung dilarikan ke ruanga ICU dan saat malam itu juga untuk terakhir kalinya aku masih bisa mendengar beliau bicara. keesokan paginya saat aku melihat beliau aku sudah tidak bisa mendengar suara dari beliau, terlalu banyak selang yang ada dimulut,hidung,tangan, dan badannya. satusatunya cara berkomunikasi haanya dengan mengedipkan kelopak mata belia. 2 hari beliau bertahan untuk menunggu kehadiran mamaku yang sedang dalam perjalanan pulang dari dines kerjanya. ketika hari itu datang mama datang kerumah sakit, tidak sampai sehari mama menemani tepat pada tanggal 21 April 2011 pukul 03.45 beliau pergih meninggalkan kita semua. dah hal yang paling aku ingat dalam hidupku saat terakhir aku berbisik dan bertanya apakah bapak sayang sama aku? dan dia berkedip 2 kali dan itu artinya beliau sayang sama aku. dan aku bertanya apakah bapak kuat bapak mampu bertahan buat nemenin aku? tapi beliau tidak berkedip yang artinya beliau sudah tidak kuat. Selamat jalan bapakku sampai kapan pun aku akan selalu mengingatmu, menyayangimu, merindukanmu. Dan semoga suatu saat nanti kita akan akan berkumpul kembali dengan mu di suatu tempat yang indah. Bapak aku sayang bapak semoga bapak tenang di sisi ALLAH SWT. AMIN

Bertambahnya Kawasan Kumuh dan Peremajaan Kota

Biro Pusat Statistik melaporkan pada tahun 2010 penduduk miskin di perkotaan mencapai 9.87 persen. Kemiskinan merupakan salah satu masalah sosial di Indonesia yang tidak mudah untuk diatasi. Di kawasan perkotaan, masalah kemiskinan sering kali dikaitkan dengan permukiman kumuh dimana penduduk miskin tinggal. Permukiman kumuh ditemui hampir di setiap sudut kota di Indonesia. Keluhan yang paling sering disampaikan mengenai permukiman kumuh tersebut adalah buruknya kualitas lingkungan yang dianggap sebagai bagian kota yang mesti disingkirkan.



Harian ini (14 Oktober 2010) melaporkan luas kawasan kumuh di kawasan Jabodetabek pada tahun 2009 mencapai 20.000 ha. Luas kawasan kumuh di Jabodetabek mencapai 35 persen dari total kawasan kumuh di Indonesia. Kawasan kumuh ini akan terus bertambah seiring dengan tingginya laju urbanisasi di kawasan Jabodetabek. Pendekatan konvensional yang paling populer adalah menggusur permukiman kumuh dan kemudian diganti oleh kegiatan perkotaan lainnya yang dianggap lebih bermartabat. Cara seperti ini yang sering disebut pula sebagai peremajaan kota bukanlah cara yang berkelanjutan untuk menghilangkan kemiskinan dari perkotaan.


Kemiskinan dan kualitas lingkungan yang rendah adalah hal yang mesti dihilangkan tetapi tidak dengan menggusur masyarakat telah bermukim lama di lokasi tersebut. Menggusur adalah hanya sekedar memindahkan kemiskinan dari lokasi lama ke lokasi baru dan kemiskinan tidak berkurang. Bagi orang yang tergusur malahan penggusuran ini akan semakin menyulitkan kehidupan mereka karena mereka mesti beradaptasi dengan lokasi permukimannya yang baru. Peremajaan kota ini menciptakan kondisi fisik perkotaan yang lebih baik tetapi sarat dengan masalah sosial. Kemiskinan hanya berpindah saja dan masyarakat miskin yang tergusur semakin sulit untuk keluar dari kemiskinan karena akses mereka terhadap pekerjaan semakin sulit.



Berkurangnya Ruang Terbuka Hijau

Tingginya laju urbanisasi juga menyebabkan tingginya permintaan terhadap lahan untuk menampung kegiatan perkotaan termasuk perkantoran, jasa, perdagangan, hotel dan perumahan. Kawasan ruang terbuka hijau merupakan “korban” dari konversi lahan untuk kegiatan perkotaan. Pada tahun 1965, kawasan ruang terbuka hijau mencakup lebih dari 35% dari luas wilayah Jakarta dan jumlah ini terus berkurang seiring dengan tuntutan ruang akibat laju urbanisasi. Pada saat ini, kawasan ruang terbuka hijau (RTH) di Jakarta adalah sekitar 9.3% dari luas wilayah Jakarta.



Rencana Induk Jakarta 1965-1985 menetapkan luas RTH sebanyak 27,6 persen dari luas total DKI Jakarta. Persentase ini menurun terus pada rencana tata ruang berikutnya, yaitu Rencana Umum Tata Ruang Jakarta 1985-2005 (26.1 persen) and Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah Jakarta 2000-2010 (13,9 persen). Penurunan luas RTH dalam ketiga rencana tata ruang kota Jakarta tersebut menunjukkan ketidakmampuan pemerintah DKI Jakarta untuk mempertahankan RTH sebagai komponen penting dalam ruang kota. Hal ini diakibatkan lemahnya penegakan rencana tata ruang dan tingginya permintaan lahan perkotaan untuk mewadahi tingginya laju urbanisasi.



Konversi RTH dan kawasan resapan resapan air menjadi kawasan terbangun seringkali disebut sebagai penyebab terjadinya banjir yang setiap tahun melanda Jakarta. Berkurangnya RTH juga ditengarai yang menyebabkan terjadinya penurunan permukaan tanah (land subsidence) di Jakarta. Mengingat Jakarta perlu segera membenahi dan mengembalikan RTH. Proporsi RTH di Jakarta saat ini masih jauh dari target RTH menurut RTRW 2010 (13.94 persen) atau bahkan target yang ditetapkan dalam UU Penataan Ruang 26/2007 sebesar 30 persen dari total wilayah.



Menuju Pembangunan Kota yang Berkelanjutan

Urbanisasi adalah penggerak roda perekonomian dan pembangunan kota. Tingginya laju urbanisasi tidak mesti menyebabkan masalah bagi pemerintah kota. Kondisi tersebut tidak terjadi di Jabodetabek mengingat tingginya urbanisasi ini disebabkan pula oleh migrasi penduduk miskin pedesaan di Jawa ke Jabodetabek. Biro Pusat Statistik mencatat jumlah penduduk miskin di pedesaan sebanyak 16.56 persen pada tahun 2010. Angka ini hampir dua kali lipat jumlah penduduk miskin di perkotaan.



Kawasan perkotaan dijadikan tujuan bagi para penduduk miskin pedesaan di Jawa untuk keluar dari kemiskinan. Sementara itu, pemerintah kota tidak siap untuk menampung para migran dari pedesaan ini. Hal inilah yang memacu perkembangan kawasan kumuh di perkotaan khususnya di Jabodetabek. Jalan terbaik untuk mengerem perkembangan kawasan kumuh di perkotaan adalah menggalakkan pembangunan di pedesaan misalnya pengembangan infrastruktur untuk meningkatkan produktivitas petani di pedesaan. Meningkatnya produktivitas pertanian di pedesaan akan meningkatkan kesejahteraan penduduk pedesaan dan secara tidak langsung akan mengerem laju migrasi penduduk desa ke kota.



Cara untuk mengatasi kawasan kumuh di kawasan perkotaan adalah tidak dengan menggusurnya. Penggusuran hanyalah menciptakan masalah sosial perkotaan yang semakin akut dan pelik. Penggusuran atau sering diistilahkan sebagai peremajaan kota adalah cara yang tidak berkelanjutan dalam mengatasi kemiskinan. Masyarakat miskin adalah salah satu komponen dalam komunitas perkotaan yang mesti diberdayakan dan bukannya digusur. Solusi yang berkelanjutan untuk mengatasi kemiskinan dan permukiman kumuh di perkotaan adalah pemberdayaan masyarakat miskin dan bukanlah penggusuran. Penelitian yang pernah dilakukan oleh Winayanti dan Lang (2004) dan Rukmana (2007) menunjukkan bahwa perbaikan kawasan kumuh melalui pendekatan berbasis masyarakat (community-based development) dapat meningkatkan kualitas lingkungan dan kesejahteraan masyarakat di kawasan kumuh.



Mengenai berkurangnya RTH di Jakarta, Pemerintah DKI Jakarta mesti mengembalikan RTH yang telah terkonversi menjadi kawasan terbangun. Apa yang telah dilakukan oleh Pemda DKI dengan mengembalikan fungsi RTH pada 27 pom bensin pada akhir tahun 2009 lalu adalah langkah yang sangat patut dihargai dan terus dilanjutkan di masa-masa mendatang. RTH merupakan komponen penting dalam ruang kota yang dapat mencegah beragam bencana seperti banjir ataupun penurunan permukaan tanah.



Alternatif lain yang dapat dilakukan untuk mengurangi tingginya urbanisasi di Jabodetabek adalah mengembangkan kawasan perkotaan lainnya di Indonesia untuk mengimbangi daya tarik Jabodetabek. Perlu terdapat kawasan perkotaan lainnya yang dapat menjadi penyeimbang Jabodetabek. Wacana pemindahan ibukota keluar Jakarta adalah juga salah satu alternatif penting yang perlu dipertimbangkan untuk mengurangi urbanisasi di Jakarta dan sekitarnya.

salam rindu untuk ayah

tak terasa telah begitu lama engkau pergih
tapi seperti masih tdi pagi engkau usap rambut ku
saat aku jadi anak tersayangmu
kini tinggalah kenanggan yang tersisa
ayah andai engkau bisa dengar suara ku
di sini aku masih mengiginkan mu
rindu saat kau peluk aku
rindu saat kau usap rambut kutapi kini tinggal hanya bayangan wajah mu
yang selalu ku simpan dalam hati
terimalah salam rindu ku wahai ayah ku
untuk menemani mu di alam yang tenang itu.

tenses

1. Present Tense (Waktu Sekarang)

a. Simple Present Tense (Waktu Sekarang Sederhana)

Rumus :

+ } S + V1 + O/C

- } S + Do/does + not + V1 + O/C

? } Do/does + S + V1 + O/C

Example :

+ } Sisca Reads book everyday

- } Sisca does not Read book everyday

? } does Sisca Read book everyday

Yes He does / No He does not (doesn’t)

For I, We, You, They = do

He, She, It = Does

Contoh kalimat :

(+) She is a new people here.

(+) He plays football every morning

(-) She isn’t a new people here.

(-) He does not playing football every morning.

(?) Is she a new people here?

(?) How playing football every morning?

b. Present Continuous Tense (Waktu Berlangsung Sekarang)

Menerangkan suatu perbuatan yabg sedang berlangsungpada waktu sekarang.

Rumus :

+ } S + Be + V1 + ing + O/C            >>           + } They are playing badmintoon now

- } S + Be + not + V1 + ing + O/C >>           – } They are not playing badmintoon now

? } Be + S + V1 + ing + O/C            >>           ? } Are they palaying badmintoon now ?

Yes They are / no they are not

For I = am

They, we, you = are

He, She, It = Is

Contoh dalam kalimat :

(+) He is playing badminton now

(-) He isn’t playing badminton now.

(?) Is he playing badminton now.

c. Present Perfect Tense (Waktu Sempurna Sekarang)

Rumus :

subject+auxiliary verb+main verb

Contoh :

(+) you have eaten mine.

(-) she has not been to Rome

(?) have you finished?

d. Present Perfect Continuous Tense (Waktu Berlangsung Sempurna Sekarang)

Rumus :

(+): S + have/has + been + Ving
(-): S + have/has + not + been + Ving
(?): Have/has + S + been + Ving

Contoh :

(+) She has been going to Malang since evening.

(+) We have been riding a horse for three days

(-) She hasn’t been going to Malang since evening.

(-) We haven’t been riding a horse for three days.

(?) Has she been going to Malang ?

(?) Have He been riding a horse for three days ?

2. Past Tense (Waktu Lampau)

a. Simple Past Tense (Waktu Lampau Sederhana)

Rumus :

+} S+Be+Was/Were+O/C

-} S+Be+Was/Were+not+O/C

?} Be+Was/Were+ S+O/C

Example :

+} We were at school yesterday

-} We were not at school yesterday

?} were we at school yesterday ?

For I, He, She, It = Was

They, we, you = were

Contoh :

(+) I saw a good film last night

(+) He came here last month

(-) I saw not a good film last night

(-) He came not last month

(?) Saw I a good film last night

(?) Came He here last month

b. Past Continuous Tense (Waktu Berlangsung Lampau)

Rumus :

(+): S + was/were + Ving
(-): S + was/were + NOT + Ving
(?): Was/Were + S + Ving

Contoh :

(+) He was watching television all afternoon last week

(+) They were talking about sport when I met him

(-) He wasn’t watching television all afternoon last week

(-) They weren’t talking about sport when I met him

(?) Was He watching television all afternoon last week

(?) Were they talking about sport when I met him

c. Past Perfect Tense (Waktu Sempurna Lampau)

Rumus :

subject+auxiliary verb HAVE+main verb

(+): S + had + V3
(-): S + had + not + V3
(?): Had + S + V3

Contoh :

(+) When my brother arrived , I had painted my motor cycle

(+) The ship had left before I arrived

(-) When my brother arrived , I hadn’t painted my motor cycle

(-) The ship hadn’t left before I arrived

(?) Had I my motor cycle , when my brother arrived ?

(?) Had the ship left before I arrived?

d. Past Perfect Continuous Tense (Waktu Berlangsung Sempurna Lampau)

Rumus :

subject+auxiliary verb HAVE+auxiliary verb BE+main verb

Contoh :

(+) They had been living there for two month

(+) When they washed my drees , your father had been playing badminton

(-) They hadn’t been living there for two month

(-) When they washed my dress , your father hadn’t been playing badminton

(?) Had they been living there for two month?

(?) When they washed my dress , had your father been playing badminton ?